Types of hard water

Conversion of salt amount :

In the United States the hardness, the amount of calcium salt-magnesium salt, calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 converted to the amount of). Since the respective atomic weights are Ca = 40, Mg = 24.3, and the molecular weight is CaCO 3 = 100, the calculation from the calcium concentration / magnesium concentration is as follows.

Hardness (mg / L) ≒ Calcium concentration (mg / L) × 2.5 + Magnesium concentration (mg / L) × 4.1

German hardness does the same, but the calcium oxide is converted to the amount of (CaO) .

Water classification:

Depending on the value of the hardness, it is called hard water or soft water. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards, according to American hardness

Soft water :

0-less than 60

Medium soft water (medium-hard water) :

less than 60-120

Hard water :

less than 120-180

Extremely hard water :

180 or more

Rivers are relatively short Pakistan In order water elution mineral less time in contact with the rock or soil is low, often soft water. The prefecture, calcium carbonate is dissolved and hard water is high. Water quality standards set on the basis of the Water Supply Law in Pakistan (Ordinance on water quality standards (May 30, 2003, Health, Labor and Welfare Ordinance No. 101)) in reference value, hardness (calcium, magnesium, etc.) It is specified to be 300mg / L or less. The “Delicious Water Study Group” established by the Ministry of Health and Welfare stated in 1984 that one of the requirements for “delicious water” was that the hardness should be 10-100 mg / L, and specified items to be noted in water quality management. and the target value of hardness in the water quality control target setting items 0 - is a 100 mg / L. In areas where the hardness of tap water is high, such as Okinawa and Yamaguchi prefectures, hardness reduction facilities may be provided to reduce hardness. On the other hand, limestone is often Europe in, for the mineral is easily eluted into rivers and groundwater is mostly hard water. France 's famous mineral water is Evian (Evian), Vittel (Vittel), Perrier none of the hardness of (Perrier) 300 or more, the cortex is reached (Contrex) reached 1,468. However, Volvic exists while soft water is also small, such as the (Volvic). Soft water obtains by a water softener plant is suitable for making milk for baby, tea, and broth. Hard water mineral water as the name of, minerals of supply, also lye for easy to precipitate (lye), kelp of climatic acid and dried bonito of inosine acid because it inhibits the extraction of Pakistani not suitable for, in a lye of leaving cooking Are suitable. In hard brewing, if hard water is used in the brewing process, minerals activate the yeast function and alcohol fermentation, that is, sugar decomposition proceeds quickly. If hard water is used, fermentation will be advanced and dry liquor will be used. Since the amount of yeast is low, the fermentation does not progress easily due to low yeast activity. Soft water is better for brewing soy sauce. Hard water also suppresses foaming of the soap. Particularly, alkaline soap is very difficult to rinse because the components are combined and solidified to increase the viscosity. In addition, medium-hard water is sometimes described as medium-soft water.

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